Gupta Period MCQ Practice Test: Ancient Indian History - Exam Scorer

Gupta Period MCQ Online Test

Q1. The famous Eran pillar inscription of 510 CE mentioning the first epigraphic record of Sati is related to which ruler?

Correct Answer: Option A (Bhanu Gupta)

Detailed Explanation: The Eran inscription (Sagar, MP) dated 510 CE belongs to Gupta King Bhanu Gupta. It records his general Goparaja dying in battle and Goparaja's wife performing Sati on his pyre.

Q2. Harishena was the celebrated court poet and Sandhivigrahika of which Gupta emperor?

Correct Answer: Option A (Samudragupta)

Detailed Explanation: Harishena composed the Prayag Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription) praising Samudragupta's military conquests across Aryavarta and Dakshinapatha.

Q3. Who wrote the world-famous collection of ancient moral fables titled 'Panchatantra'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Vishnu Sharma)

Detailed Explanation: Vishnu Sharma composed the Panchatantra during the Gupta era to instruct young princes in political wisdom (Niti) and practical conduct.

Q4. The famous Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh (Jhansi) and Garhwa temple sculptures (Prayagraj) belong to:

Correct Answer: Option A (Gupta Architecture and Art)

Detailed Explanation: The Deogarh Dashavatara temple in UP is the earliest surviving Panchayatana-style structural Hindu stone temple built in the Gupta era.

Q5. The first Gupta ruler to assume the high imperial title of 'Maharajadhiraja' was:

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta I)

Detailed Explanation: Chandragupta I (c. 319-335 CE) founded the Gupta Era (319 CE) and elevated the state to an empire by assuming 'Maharajadhiraja' after marrying Licchavi princess Kumaradevi.

Q6. In the Nalanda copper plate inscription, which Gupta ruler is styled as 'Param Bhagavata'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Samudragupta)

Detailed Explanation: The Nalanda and Gaya copper plates address Samudragupta as 'Param Bhagavata' (devout follower of Lord Vishnu).

Q7. Which famous Gupta emperor is hailed as the 'Napoleon of Ancient India' by historian V.A. Smith?

Correct Answer: Option A (Samudragupta)

Detailed Explanation: Historian Vincent Smith described Samudragupta as 'Indian Napoleon' due to his extensive military conquests across northern and southern India without a single defeat.

Q8. In the 21st line of the Prayag Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar), how many rulers of Aryavarta (Northern India) defeated by Samudragupta are listed?

Correct Answer: Option A (9 Rulers)

Detailed Explanation: Line 21 records that Samudragupta violently exterminated (Prasabhoddharana) 9 kings of Aryavarta (including Nagasena, Achyuta, and Ganapatinaga) and incorporated their lands.

Q9. Which ancient Indian dynasty ruled for the longest continuous duration and granted maximum tax-free village donations to Brahmins and temples?

Correct Answer: Option A (Gupta Dynasty)

Detailed Explanation: The Guptas ruled for over two centuries (c. 319–550 CE) and issued the largest number of land-grant charters (Agrahara) to Brahmins and shrines.

Q10. What was the standard rate of agricultural land revenue tax (Bhaga) during the Gupta Empire?

Correct Answer: Option A (One-sixth of the produce (1/6th))

Detailed Explanation: Land revenue in the Gupta period was customarily one-sixth (Shadbhaga) of the produce, collected in cash or kind by the state.

Q11. In Gupta epigraphy, gold coins were officially termed as:

Correct Answer: Option A (Dinar (Dinara))

Detailed Explanation: Gupta gold coins were termed 'Dinara' (derived from Roman denarius), while silver coins were termed 'Rupaka'.

Q12. Which major port city handled the bulk of North Indian maritime foreign trade during the Gupta era?

Correct Answer: Option A (Tamralipti (in Bengal))

Detailed Explanation: Tamralipti (modern Tamluk, West Bengal) was the primary eastern port connecting North India with South-East Asia, China, and Sri Lanka.

Q13. Who was the famous ancient astronomer-mathematician who first demonstrated that the rotation of Earth on its axis causes daily sunrise and sunset?

Correct Answer: Option A (Aryabhata)

Detailed Explanation: In his text 'Aryabhatiya' (composed 499 CE at Kusumapura/Pataliputra), Aryabhata stated the heliocentric concept that the Earth rotates on its axis.

Q14. In Gupta land classification terminology, uncultivated wild forest land was designated as:

Correct Answer: Option A (Aprahat)

Detailed Explanation: Gupta land classifications: Kshetra (Cultivated land), Khila (Fallow land), Aprahat (Uncultivated wild forest land), Vasti (Habitable land), and Gapata Sarah (Pasture land).

Q15. Chinese pilgrim Faxian (Fa-Hien) visited India during the reign of which Gupta ruler?

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya))

Detailed Explanation: Faxian traveled across India between 399 and 412 CE to collect authentic Buddhist Vinaya texts during Chandragupta II's reign.

Q16. The inscription on the famous rust-resistant Mehrauli Iron Pillar at Delhi commemorates a king named 'Chandra', identified with:

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta II)

Detailed Explanation: The Mehrauli Iron Pillar near Qutub Minar records King Chandra defeating Vahlika across seven mouths of the Indus, identified as Chandragupta II.

Q17. Which Gupta emperor assumed the title 'Shakari' (Destroyer/Conqueror of the Shakas) after eradicating the Western Satraps?

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta II)

Detailed Explanation: Chandragupta II defeated Rudrasimha III, ending 300 years of Shaka Satrap rule in Malwa and Gujarat, and assumed the title 'Shakari Vikramaditya'.

Q18. According to Vishakhadatta's play 'Devichandraguptam', who assassinated his cowardly elder brother Ramagupta to protect the empire and marry Dhruvadevi?

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta II)

Detailed Explanation: When Ramagupta agreed to surrender Queen Dhruvadevi to a Shaka king, Chandragupta disguised himself as the queen, killed the Shaka ruler, and later killed Ramagupta to become emperor.

Q19. Which Gupta Emperor successfully defended India by repulsing the fierce invasion of the 'Hunas'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Skandagupta)

Detailed Explanation: Skandagupta (455–467 CE) defeated the invading White Huns (Hunas) around 455 CE, as recorded in his Bhitari Pillar Inscription (Ghazipur, UP).

Q20. Twelve distinct types of agricultural and residential land are classified in which famous lexicographical text?

Correct Answer: Option A (Amarakosha (by Amarasimha))

Detailed Explanation: Amarasimha (one of Chandragupta II's Navaratnas) detailed 12 land varieties based on soil quality and irrigation in his Sanskrit thesaurus Amarakosha.

Q21. Who composed the classical Sanskrit medical treatise 'Ashtanga Hridaya'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Vagbhata)

Detailed Explanation: Acharya Vagbhata authored Ashtanga Hridaya and Ashtanga Samgraha, core texts of Ayurvedic medicine.

Q22. Who composed the famous Mahakavya epic 'Kumarasambhavam' depicting the birth of Lord Kartikeya?

Correct Answer: Option A (Kalidasa)

Detailed Explanation: Kalidasa (court poet of Chandragupta II) authored two epic poems: Kumarasambhavam and Raghuvamsham.

Q23. Who was the first Gupta ruler to issue silver coins (Rupaka) following the conquest of Western Satraps?

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta II)

Detailed Explanation: Chandragupta II issued silver coins weighing 32 grains (Rupaka) patterned after Shaka Satrap silver coinage.

Q24. Which Gupta Emperor is depicted playing the Veena musical instrument on his gold coins?

Correct Answer: Option A (Samudragupta)

Detailed Explanation: Samudragupta issued 'Veena-vadanam' type gold coins showing him seated on a couch playing the lute, highlighting his artistic patronage (Kaviraja).

Q25. Who founded the world-renowned Nalanda Mahavihara University in Bihar during the 5th century CE?

Correct Answer: Option A (Kumaragupta I (Shakraditya))

Detailed Explanation: Kumaragupta I (415–455 CE) founded Nalanda University near Rajgir, which grew into a global center for Buddhist learning.

Q26. Prabhavati Gupta, who issued land grants as a powerful female ruler/regent of Vakataka kingdom, was daughter of:

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta II and Kuberanaga)

Detailed Explanation: Prabhavati Gupta married Vakataka King Rudrasena II and ruled as regent for her minor sons from Nagardhan (Maharashtra).

Q27. The Mandsaur inscription of 437–438 CE (composed by Vatsabhatti) records the building of a Sun Temple by:

Correct Answer: Option A (Guild of Silk Weavers (Resham Bunkar Shreni))

Detailed Explanation: Silk weavers migrating from Lata (Gujarat) to Dashapura (Mandsaur, MP) pooled funds to build a Sun temple under Kumaragupta I.

Q28. In Gupta administration, what did 'Bhaga' and 'Bali' represent?

Correct Answer: Option A (Sources of State Revenue (Land tax & Religious tax))

Detailed Explanation: Bhaga = 1/6th king's share of agricultural produce; Bali = supplementary land/religious tax.

Q29. What is considered the oldest orthodox school (Astika Darshan) of Indian philosophy?

Correct Answer: Option A (Samkhya Philosophy (founded by Kapila))

Detailed Explanation: Samkhya is the oldest rationalist school of Indian philosophy, enumerating 25 principles (Tattvas) of Purusha and Prakriti.

Q30. The philosophical school that centers its entire system on the theory and analysis of 'Karma' and Vedic Yajna rituals is:

Correct Answer: Option A (Mimamsa (Purva Mimamsa))

Detailed Explanation: Purva Mimamsa by Jaimini holds that performing prescribed Vedic duties (Karma) leads to Apurva merit and liberation.

Q31. The primary criterion distinguishing Orthodox (Astika) and Heterodox (Nastika) philosophical schools in India is:

Correct Answer: Option A (Belief in the authority of the Vedas)

Detailed Explanation: Astika schools (Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa, Vedanta) accept Vedic authority; Nastika schools (Buddhism, Jainism, Charvaka) reject it.

Q32. Who popularized Vaishnavism and Neo-Vaishnavite Ekasarana Dharma in Kamarupa (Assam)?

Correct Answer: Option A (Sankaradeva)

Detailed Explanation: Srimanta Sankaradeva (15th–16th century CE) established Sattra monasteries and Ankiya Nat in Assam preaching devotion to Lord Krishna.

Q33. Which social occupational group / scribe caste was mentioned for the FIRST time as a distinct caste by sage Yajnavalkya?

Correct Answer: Option A (Kayastha)

Detailed Explanation: Yajnavalkya Smriti first mentions 'Kayastha' as royal scribes and record keepers; Vishnusmriti later defines them as a formal caste.

Q34. Legal rules and ritualistic conditions for the emancipation/freedom of slaves (Dasamukti) were first systematically laid down by:

Correct Answer: Option A (Narada Smriti)

Detailed Explanation: Narada Smriti outlines 15 categories of slaves and formal ceremonial procedures for liberating a slave by washing their head with water.

Q35. 'Pundravardhana Bhukti' was an ancient administrative province located in:

Correct Answer: Option A (North Bengal (Uttar Bangal))

Detailed Explanation: Damodarpur copper plates mention Pundravardhana Bhukti (centered at Mahasthangarh, Bangladesh) as the northern province of Gupta empire.

Q36. In the Mughal and Gupta eras, whose inscription was carved alongside Samudragupta's Prayag Prashasti on the Allahabad Pillar?

Correct Answer: Option A (Jahangir (and Ashoka))

Detailed Explanation: The Allahabad Pillar contains: 1. Ashoka's Edicts, 2. Samudragupta's Prayag Prashasti (by Harishena), 3. Jahangir's Persian inscription (by Mir Abdullah).

Q37. In Gupta provincial administration, the term 'Bhukti' meant:

Correct Answer: Option A (A Province (Prant) governed by Uparika)

Detailed Explanation: Gupta administrative hierarchy: Bhukti (Province) $\rightarrow$ Vishaya (District) $\rightarrow$ Vithi (Sub-district) $\rightarrow$ Grama (Village).

Q38. In Gupta local administration, 'Vithi' referred to:

Correct Answer: Option A (A Sub-district / Tehsil administrative unit)

Detailed Explanation: 'Vithi' was an intermediate administrative unit placed below Vishaya (District) and above Grama (Village).

Q39. What was 'Halivakara' in the Gupta period?

Correct Answer: Option A (A plow-tax paid by every farmer owning a plow)

Detailed Explanation: Halivakara was a specific agricultural tax levied on each operational plow owned by a cultivator.

Q40. The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Song Yun (Shung Yun) visited India in which year?

Correct Answer: Option A (518 AD)

Detailed Explanation: Song Yun visited North-West India and Gandhara in 518 CE during the late Gupta / Huna era to collect Buddhist scriptures.

Q41. Who was the real historical founder of the Gupta dynasty around 240 CE?

Correct Answer: Option A (Sri Gupta)

Detailed Explanation: Sri Gupta (c. 240–280 CE) founded the dynasty as a feudatory ruler ('Maharaja').

Q42. The Gupta Empire's founding power base at the beginning of the 4th century CE was centered in:

Correct Answer: Option A (Magadha and Prayagraj region)

Detailed Explanation: The early Guptas expanded along the middle Gangetic plains covering Magadha, Saketa, and Prayaga.

Q43. What city served as the chief imperial capital of the Gupta Dynasty?

Correct Answer: Option A (Pataliputra)

Detailed Explanation: Pataliputra was the primary capital, while Ujjain served as the second capital under Chandragupta II.

Q44. The Bhitari stone pillar inscription in Ghazipur (UP) records the achievements of:

Correct Answer: Option A (Skandagupta)

Detailed Explanation: The Bhitari pillar inscription details Skandagupta's conflict with the Pushyamitras and victory over Hunas.

Q45. The Mandsaur Prashasti composed by Vatsabhatti presents detailed achievements of:

Correct Answer: Option A (Kumaragupta I and Bandhuvarman)

Detailed Explanation: Mandsaur inscription describes Kumaragupta I's reign and his local governor Bandhuvarman.

Q46. The famous poetic Sanskrit masterpiece 'Meghaduta' was composed by:

Correct Answer: Option A (Kalidasa)

Detailed Explanation: Kalidasa authored Meghaduta ('The Cloud Messenger'), describing a Yaksha sending a message to his wife via a cloud.

Q47. The era of the Gupta Empire (4th to 6th century CE) is celebrated in Indian history as the:

Correct Answer: Option A (Golden Age of Ancient India)

Detailed Explanation: Known as the Classical / Golden Age due to unprecedented achievements in science, literature, art, mathematics, and architecture.

Q48. Who was the immediate successor of Chandragupta I on the Gupta throne?

Correct Answer: Option A (Samudragupta)

Detailed Explanation: Samudragupta succeeded his father Chandragupta I around 335 CE.

Q49. In 390 CE, Chandragupta II expanded the Gupta Empire to its westernmost extent by annexing:

Correct Answer: Option A (Malwa and Gujarat (Saurashtra))

Detailed Explanation: Conquest of Western Satraps gave Guptas control over rich Gujarat ports (Broach, Cambay, Sopara).

Q50. The famous physician Dhanvantari was one of the nine gems (Navaratnas) in the court of:

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya))

Detailed Explanation: Dhanvantari, master of Ayurveda, adorned the Ujjain court of Chandragupta Vikramaditya.

Q51. Varahamihira, author of Panchasiddhantika and Brihatsamhita, was a member of:

Correct Answer: Option A (Navaratnas of Chandragupta II)

Detailed Explanation: Varahamihira was the chief astronomer and mathematician among the nine gems of Vikramaditya.

Q52. The copper-plate inscriptions show that kings of Bihar maintained maritime diplomatic contacts with:

Correct Answer: Option A (Java and Sumatra (Srivijaya Empire))

Detailed Explanation: The Nalanda copper plate of Devapala records King Balaputradeva of Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra) building a monastery at Nalanda.

Q53. Prayag Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription) provides detailed information on the achievements of:

Correct Answer: Option A (Samudragupta)

Detailed Explanation: Composed by Harishena in Sanskrit Champu style on an Ashokan pillar at Prayagraj.

Q54. Who made groundbreaking contributions to the field of Algebra and Mathematics in ancient India?

Correct Answer: Option A (Aryabhata)

Detailed Explanation: Aryabhata defined 'Zero', pi ($\pi$) value, sine tables, quadratic equations, and place-value system.

Q55. What was the royal title of Chandragupta II?

Correct Answer: Option A (Vikramaditya)

Detailed Explanation: Chandragupta II assumed 'Vikramaditya' after defeating the Shakas.

Q56. What school of Indian philosophy was propagated by Sage Gautama?

Correct Answer: Option A (Nyaya Darshan)

Detailed Explanation: Akshapada Gautama authored Nyaya Sutras focusing on logic and epistemology.

Q57. Bhaskara I / Bhaskaracharya made significant contributions in:

Correct Answer: Option A (Mathematics and Algebra)

Detailed Explanation: Bhaskara wrote Mahabhaskariya and Aryabhatiyabhashya explaining algebraic equations.

Q58. Who is the hero of Kalidasa's drama 'Malavikagnimitram'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Agnimitra (Shunga Prince))

Detailed Explanation: Malavikagnimitram narrates the love story of Shunga King Agnimitra and Malavika.

Q59. The hero of Vishakhadatta's Sanskrit political play 'Devichandraguptam' was:

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta II)

Detailed Explanation: Devichandraguptam portrays Chandragupta II rescuing Queen Dhruvadevi from the Shakas.

Q60. Which Gupta emperor first issued royal inscriptions across his realm?

Correct Answer: Option A (Samudragupta)

Detailed Explanation: Samudragupta initiated imperial Gupta epigraphy with Prayag Prashasti and Eran inscription.

Q61. The Gupta ruler who married Licchavi princess Kumaradevi and issued 'Chandragupta-Kumaradevi' joint coins was:

Correct Answer: Option A (Chandragupta I)

Detailed Explanation: Marriage alliance with Licchavis raised Gupta prestige; Samudragupta proudly called himself 'Licchavi-Dauhitra'.

Q62. What tax was levied in the Gupta period on farmers who owned plows?

Correct Answer: Option A (Halivakara)

Detailed Explanation: Halivakara was an agricultural tax collected per plow in cultivation.

Q63. The nine famous scholars in Chandragupta II's court were known as:

Correct Answer: Option A (Navaratna (Nine Gems))

Detailed Explanation: Included Kalidasa, Dhanvantari, Varahamihira, Amarasimha, Vararuchi, Vetala Bhatta, Ghatakarpara, Shanku, Kshapanaka.

Q64. In Gupta administration, what was an administrative district called?

Correct Answer: Option A (Vishaya (headed by Vishayapati))

Detailed Explanation: Provinces (Bhukti) were subdivided into Districts (Vishaya).

Q65. The head of a Gupta province (Bhukti) was called:

Correct Answer: Option A (Uparika (or Gopta / Bhogapati))

Detailed Explanation: Uparikas were royal princes or high nobles governing Bhuktis.

Q66. Which Gupta emperor issued 'Apratigha' and 'Ashvamedha' type gold coins?

Correct Answer: Option A (Kumaragupta I)

Detailed Explanation: Kumaragupta I issued 14 distinct varieties of gold coins, including Apratigha and Rhinoceros-slayer types.

Q67. In Gupta period, what was 'Hiranya'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Tax paid in cash / gold)

Detailed Explanation: Land revenue paid in kind was 'Meya' / 'Bhaga', while tax paid in cash was 'Hiranya'.

Q68. Forced unpaid labor in Gupta times was known as:

Correct Answer: Option A (Vishti (Begar))

Detailed Explanation: Vishti was forced labor demanded by state officials as a tax form.

Q69. In Gupta inscriptions, 'Udranga' and 'Uparikara' refer to:

Correct Answer: Option A (Taxes levied on permanent and temporary tenants)

Detailed Explanation: Udranga = land tax on permanent farmers; Uparikara = extra tax on temporary cultivators.

Q70. In Gupta military organization, 'Mahabaladhikrita' was:

Correct Answer: Option A (Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces)

Detailed Explanation: Mahabaladhikrita headed army operations, assisted by Bhatashvapati (Cavalry) and Mahapilupati (Elephants).

Q71. In Gupta administration, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Peace/War was:

Correct Answer: Option A (Sandhivigrahika)

Detailed Explanation: Sandhivigrahika (first created under Samudragupta, held by Harishena) managed foreign policy.

Q72. In Gupta court, 'Mahadandanayaka' performed the function of:

Correct Answer: Option A (Chief Judicial and Police Executive Officer)

Detailed Explanation: Mahadandanayaka was the highest judicial/penal officer in the empire.

Q73. What cave painting complex in MP exhibits Gupta-style Buddhist murals similar to Ajanta?

Correct Answer: Option A (Bagh Caves (Dhar, MP))

Detailed Explanation: Bagh Caves on Baghani river in MP feature 5th-6th century Gupta Buddhist tempera cave paintings.

Q74. Who wrote 'Brihatsamhita', 'Panchasiddhantika', and 'Brihat Jataka'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Varahamihira)

Detailed Explanation: Varahamihira was the polymath astronomer-geographer in Gupta Ujjain.

Q75. What famous Gupta period iron pillar in Delhi has not rusted for 1600 years?

Correct Answer: Option A (Mehrauli Iron Pillar)

Detailed Explanation: Standing near Qutub Minar, the 7-meter wrought-iron pillar demonstrates advanced Gupta metallurgy.

Q76. In Gupta society, what guild of merchant bankers was called 'Sresthi'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Sresthi (Setti))

Detailed Explanation: Sresthi = Chief banker/financier; Sarthavaha = Caravan merchant leader; Kulika = Chief artisan.

Q77. Who was the leader of mobile trading merchant caravans in Gupta towns?

Correct Answer: Option A (Sarthavaha)

Detailed Explanation: Sarthavahas led long-distance overland and maritime merchant caravans.

Q78. What copper statue of Buddha discovered at Sultanganj (Bhagalpur, Bihar) represents Gupta metal casting?

Correct Answer: Option A (Sultanganj Copper Buddha (7.5 ft high))

Detailed Explanation: Cast in 5th century CE, now housed in Birmingham Museum, UK.

Q79. Which Gupta Emperor performed the Ashvamedha Yajna and issued 'Ashvamedha Parakrama' gold coins?

Correct Answer: Option A (Samudragupta (and Kumaragupta I))

Detailed Explanation: Samudragupta revived Ashvamedha to celebrate imperial supremacy.

Q80. In Gupta administrative records, what was 'Gramika' or 'Gramadhyaksha'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Village Headman)

Detailed Explanation: Gramika managed village administration assisted by the village elders council (Gramamahattara).

Q81. The famous Sanskrit romantic play 'Abhijnanasakuntalam' was authored by:

Correct Answer: Option A (Kalidasa)

Detailed Explanation: Kalidasa wrote 3 plays: Abhijnanasakuntalam, Vikramorvasiyam, and Malavikagnimitram.

Q82. Who wrote the 'Brahmasphutasiddhanta' laying foundation for rules of Zero and negative numbers?

Correct Answer: Option A (Brahmagupta)

Detailed Explanation: Brahmagupta (628 CE) formulated mathematical rules for arithmetic operations with zero.

Q83. Which Gupta inscription mentions the repair of Sudarshana Lake embankment by Governor Parnadatta and his son Chakrapalita?

Correct Answer: Option A (Junagarh Inscription of Skandagupta)

Detailed Explanation: Records breach of Sudarshana lake due to heavy rain in 455 CE and its reconstruction by Chakrapalita.

Q84. What was the name of the gold coin introduced during Chandragupta I's reign?

Correct Answer: Option A (King-Queen type Dinara (Chandragupta-Kumaradevi type))

Detailed Explanation: Chandragupta I issued gold coins showing him standing with Queen Kumaradevi.

Q85. In Gupta era, what western Indian port city served trade with Western Asia and Rome?

Correct Answer: Option A (Broach (Bhrigukachchha) & Cambay)

Detailed Explanation: Broach (Bharuch), Cambay (Khambhat), and Sopara handled western sea trade.

Q86. Who was the famous astronomer who authored 'Brahmasphutasiddhanta' and 'Khandakhadyaka'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Brahmagupta)

Detailed Explanation: Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) from Bhinmal (Rajasthan) was a major astronomer and mathematician.

Q87. In Gupta administration, what was the term 'Pura' or 'Nagaram'?

Correct Answer: Option A (Urban city center governed by Purapala / Puramukhya)

Detailed Explanation: Municipal administration was headed by Purapala assisted by Parishad councils.

Q88. Which dynasty's decline in the 6th century CE marked the end of ancient India's imperial classical era?

Correct Answer: Option A (Gupta Empire)

Detailed Explanation: Huna invasions, internal succession conflicts, and feudal decentralization led to the collapse of the Gupta Empire around 550 CE.

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